-not to be confused with French Wars

-French Republic dependent deeply on Algiers grain

-debts incurred during French Wars > First French War (1792-1804) due to purchasing it

-with outbreak of French Wars > Second French War (1821-32), France needs more Algiers grain

-refusal of getting more grain due to huge debts already incurred leads to war

-France sends troops into Algiers, deposes bey

-however, resistance to this comes in form of marabout Muhieddine and his son Abdelkader

-they put up very strong fight and force France on the run

-war in Europe expands across continent, France decides to cut its losses

-in treaty with Muhieddine in 1826, gives up most of Algiers to him as Emir

-while Constantine is ruled by its bey (who escaped most French conquests) independently

-eventually this gets subsumed into Tunis

-in interim, Muhieddine established emirate with capital at Mascara

-his son Abdelkader becomes emir in 1832 upon his father's death

-they govern over ambitious plan of modernization

-mostly far in interior away from exposed coasts

-pretty successful, despite increase in debts

-however, following death of Abdelkader in 1871, emirate wracked with succession disputes

-French ally themselves with one party, land troops in Algiers and Oran to make their way

-successfully take Mascara in 1876, plop guy on throne

-inspires counterreaction from rest of land, French have their hands full trying to crush other claimant

-then comes French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4), French leave Mascara in face-saving way

-emir assassinated in 1886, other claimant takes over Mascara

-however, bitter blood on both sides, kingdom wracked with instability

-following French Wars > Fifth French War (1890-5), France now has troops to spare to make stability for its Mascaran grain

-in 1899, France intervenes on side of claimant

-successfully puts him on throne in 1900

-takes 5 years to defeat opposition but does

-after having reconciled various regional elites to French rule and being suitably hand-off with grain export

-tries to do the least conquests possible against Tuareg tribes

-in 1951, secretive radical revolutionary society opens up in revolt, sweeps palace in Mascara, obtains surrender from emir

-inspires counter-revolt

-in 1952, France deploys troops to Mascara to control granaries

-finally, in 1955, France signs treaty with revolutionaries

-with trade links continuing

-resistance to republican order breaks down afterwards